对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业外汇管理施行细则(附英文)
国家外管局
对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业外汇管理施行细则(附英文)
一九八三年七月十九日国务院批准
一、为贯彻执行《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》第五章的规定,特制定本细则。
二、《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》第五章所称侨资企业,是指在中国境内注册登记,独立经营或者同国内企业合作生产、合作经营的华侨或港澳同胞资本的公司、企业和其他经济组织;外资企业,是指在中国境内注册登记,独立经营或者同中国企业合作生产、合作经营的外国资本的公司、企业和其他经济组织;中外合资经营企业,是指华侨或港澳同胞资本的或外国资本的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人,在中国境内同中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织共同举办、合资经营的企业。
三、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的一切外汇收付,必须遵照《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》和本细则的规定办理。
四、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,应在中国境内的中国银行或者经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准的其他银行开立人民币存款帐户和外汇存款帐户,由开户银行监督收付。在申请开户时,应交验中华人民共和国工商行政管理局发给的营业执照。
五、在中国从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外资企业,其独自承担的勘探资金和合作开发、合作生产的资金,准许存放在经中方同意的外国或者港澳地区的银行。
六、除本细则第五条规定者外,侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,如需在外国或者港澳地区开立外汇存款帐户,必须向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请批准。经批准在外国或港澳地区开立外汇存款帐户者,须于每季度终了后三十天内向国家外汇管理局或其分局报告外汇存款帐户的收付情况。
七、按本细则第四条规定在中国境内的银行开立外汇存款帐户者,一切外汇收入都必须存入其外汇存款帐户,其正常业务的外汇支出,可以从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
八、在中国从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外资企业,为执行合同规定的石油作业,可以在中国境外直接向其外籍职工、外国承包者和供应商支付工资、薪金、采购物品货款和各项劳务、服务费用。外籍职工、外国承包者在中国境内取得的收入,应当按照中华人民共和国税法规定缴纳税款。
九、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业必须按期向国家外汇管理局或其分局报送下列报表,并附详细文字说明。
1.每年三月三十一日前报送上年十二月三十一日的资产负债表、上年度损益计算书和外汇收支报告表;随附在中华人民共和国登记注册的会计师的查帐报告。
2.每年十二月一日以前报送下年度外汇收支预算表(遇有修改,应随时补报)。
国家外汇管理局或其分局有权要求侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业提供有关外汇业务的情况并检查其外汇收支情况。
十、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业必须按照国家外汇管理局公布的外汇牌价办理外汇兑换;企业的产品出口可按中国进出口贸易结汇的有关规定办理。
十一、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业出口所得的外汇,除经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准者外,应调回存入开户银行帐户,并办理出口外汇核销手续。
十二、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业与中国境内的机关、企业(包括侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业)或者个人之间的结算,除下列情况外,都应当使用人民币。
1.生产的产品如系中国需要进口的商品,售给中国经营外贸业务的单位或者其他企业,经中国外贸主管机关批准,供需双方商定,可参照国际市场价格,以外币计价、结算。
2.因生产需要购买中国经营外贸业务单位经营的出口商品和进口商品,经中国外贸主管机关批准,供需双方商定,可参照国际市场价格,以外币计价、结算。
3.同中国建筑单位签订建筑合同,经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,可以外币计价、结算。
4.根据国务院规定,或者经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,可以外币计价、结算的其他项目。
凡经批准以外币计价、结算者,均可通过其外汇存款帐户办理收付。
十三、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的华侨投资者或者外国投资者依法纳税后的纯利润和其它正当收益,可以向开户银行申请,汇出境外,从其外汇存款帐户中支付。申请时,应提交企业董事会或相当于董事会的权力机构的分配利润的决议书、纳税凭证以及载有收益分配条款的合同。
侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的华侨投资者或者外国投资者,如要将外汇资本转移到中国境外,须向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请,从企业的外汇存款帐户中支付汇出。
十四、在中国从事合作开采海洋石油、煤炭等资源和从事其他合作、合资经营的侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,按照中外双方合同规定用产品回收资本和分配利润的,华侨投资者或者外国投资者提取和拥有的其份额内的产品可以运出,但必须汇回应在中华人民共和国缴纳的税款和其他应付的款项。如在中国境内出售,应当按照本细则第十二条的规定办理;其销售所得的外汇,在缴纳税款和其他应付的款项后可以汇出。
十五、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业中的外籍职工或港澳职工的工资和其他正当收益,依法纳税后可以汇出,汇出金额超过百分之五十的比例时,可以向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请,汇出外汇均从其企业的外汇存款帐户中支付。
十六、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,经批准在外国或港澳地区设立的分支机构或办事机构,其所需外汇经费,经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,可以按期从其外汇存款帐户中支付汇出。
十七、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业可以直接向外国或港澳地区的银行或企业借入外汇资金,但是应报国家外汇管理局或其分局备案。
十八、依法停业的侨资企业、外资企业和中外合资经营企业,应当在中国财政、税务和外汇管理机关的共同监督下,按期清理。华侨投资者或外国投资者,应对其在中国境内的未了税务债务事项负责。清理结束后,华侨投资者或外国投资者所有的或所分得的资金,如要求汇出境外,可以向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请,从原企业的外汇存款帐户中支付汇出。
十九、在中国境内设立的侨资银行、外资银行、中外合资银行和其他金融机构,其外汇收支的管理办法由国家外汇管理局另行规定。
二十、本细则经国务院批准,由国家外汇管理局发布施行。(附英文)
RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL REGULA-TIONS RELATING TO ENTERPRISES WITH OVERSEAS CHINESE CAPITAL, FOREIGN-CAPITAL ENTERPRISES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL REGULA-
TIONS RELATING TO ENTERPRISES WITH OVERSEAS CHINESE CAPITAL, FOREIGN-
CAPITAL ENTERPRISES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES
(Approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China
on July 19, 1983 and promulgated by the State Administration of Foreign
Exchange Control on August 1, 1983)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated for implementing the provisions of Chapter V of
the Interim Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 2
In Chapter V of the Interim Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the
People's Republic of China, the term "enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital" refers to corporations, enterprises or other economic entities
registered in China with overseas Chinese capital or capital of
compatriots in the Hongkong and Macao regions, and managed independently
or jointly with Chinese enterprises; the term "foreign-capital
enterprises" refers to corporations, enterprises or other economic
entities registered in China with foreign capital, and managed
independently or jointly with Chinese enterprises; the term "Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures" refers to enterprises jointly established,
owned and run in China by corporations, enterprises, other economic
entities or individuals with overseas Chinese capital, capital of
compatriots in the Hongkong and Macao regions or foreign capital and
Chinese corporations, enterprises or other economic entities.
Article 3
For all foreign exchange receipts and payments, enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures must act in accordance with the provisions in the Interim
Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the People's Republic of China
as well as these Rules.
Article 4
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures shall open Renminbi deposit accounts
and foreign exchange deposit accounts in China with the Bank of China or
its branch banks or any other banks approved by the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange Control (SAFEC) or its branch offices, payments and
receipts in these accounts being subject to the supervision of the bank
with which the enterprises have established accounts. When applying for
the opening of the accounts, the enterprises shall submit for verification
their business licenses issued by the State Administration for Industry
and Commerce of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The exploration fund and the fund for cooperative development and
cooperative production provided unilaterally by a foreign-capital
enterprise engaged in cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources in China are permitted to be deposited with the agreement of the
Chinese side in a bank, of a foreign country or of the Hongkong or Macao
region.
Article 6
Should they find it necessary to open foreign exchange deposit accounts
with banks abroad or in the Hongkong and Macao regions other than the
accounts opened in accordance with Article 5 of these Rules, enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures shall apply to SAFEC or its branch offices
for approval. The enterprises concerned shall submit to SAFEC or its
branch offices quarterly statements of payments into and withdrawal from
such accounts within 30 days as of the end of each and every quarter.
Article 7
All foreign exchange receipts of enterprises maintaining foreign exchange
accounts with banks in China in accordance with Article 4 of these Rules,
must be deposited in the said accounts and all their foreign exchange
disbursements incurred in normal business operations can be effected
through these accounts.
Article 8
For the implementation of the petroleum operations specified in their
contracts, the foreign-capital enterprises engaged in cooperative
exploitation of offshore petroleum resources may pay directly outside
China wages, salaries, cost of procurements, various labour costs and
service charges to foreign workers and staff members, foreign
subcontractors and suppliers. The foreign workers and staff members and
foreign subcontractors shall pay taxes on their income derived from China
in accordance with the provisions of the tax law of the People's Republic
of China.
Article 9
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures shall submit within the prescribed
time limit to the SAFEC or its branch offices the following statements
with explanatory notes in detail:
(1) Balance sheet as of December 31 of the previous year, profit and loss
statement and statement of receipts and payments of foreign exchange for
the previous year shall be submitted before March 31 of each year, along
with audit reports by accountants registered in the People's Republic of
China.
(2) Budget of foreign exchange receipts and payments for the coming year
shall be submitted before December 1 of each year (subsequent amendments,
if any, shall be reported immediately).
The SAFEC and its branch offices are authorized to request the enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures to provide information about their business
activities involving foreign exchange, and to check on their foreign
exchange incomes and expenditures.
Article 10
Any currency conversion of enterprises with overseas Chinese capital,
foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures must
be conducted according to the official rates of foreign exchange quoted by
the SAFEC; the export of the products of these enterprises may be dealt
with in accordance with the relevant provisions governing China's foreign
trade exchange conversions.
Article 11
Except where otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, the
foreign exchange receipts realized from exports by the enterprises with
overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures shall be transferred back and credited to their
foreign exchange deposit accounts with banks in China and the enterprises
shall also go through the procedure of cancelling their commitments for
foreign exchange receipts from these exports.
Article 12
Renminbi shall be used in the settlement of accounts between enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises or Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures on the one hand, and agencies, enterprises
(including enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital
enterprises, Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures), or individuals in
China on the other, except in the following cases:
(1) For products manufactured by these enterprises and sold to Chinese
entities or enterprises engaged in foreign trade which would otherwise
have to import, foreign currencies may be used in pricing and in
settlement of accounts, provided that prior approval by Chinese foreign
trade authorities has been obtained and that agreement on this arrangement
has been reached between seller and buyer; the prices of the products may
be such as to be commensurate with those current in world markets.
(2) If enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital
enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures purchase, for the
sake of production, the commodities to be exported or imported by Chinese
entities engaged in foreign trade, foreign currencies may be used in
pricing the said commodities with reference to those current in world
markets and in settlement of accounts, with prior approval of Chinese
foreign trade authorities and arrangement between seller and buyer.
(3) Foreign currencies may be used in pricing and in the settlement of
accounts related to construction work performed by Chinese construction
entities according to contracts, provided that prior approval from the
SAFEC or its branch offices has been obtained.
(4) Other items which can be priced and settled in foreign currencies are
prescribed by the State Council or approved by the SAFEC or its branch
offices.
For all transactions which can be priced and settled in foreign currencies
as approved, the receipts and payments may be made through foreign
exchange deposit accounts.
Article 13
Overseas Chinese investors of enterprises with overseas Chinese capital or
foreign investors of foreign-capital enterprises or of Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures may apply to the banks with which they have opened
accounts for remitting abroad their profits as well as other justified
earnings after taxation, by debiting the foreign exchange deposit accounts
of the enterprise concerned. At the time of application, the investors
concerned shall submit for examination the written decision on profit
distribution adopted by the board of directors or by another organ of
power equivalent to the board of directors, documentary evidence showing
that all taxes have been duly paid as well as the contracts containing
stipulations with regard to the distribution of profits or earnings.
Overseas Chinese investors of enterprises with overseas Chinese capital or
foreign investors of foreign-capital enterprises or of Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures shall apply to the SAFEC or its branch offices for
transferring their foreign exchange capital abroad by debiting the foreign
exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Article 14
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures engaged in cooperative exploitation
of such resources as offshore petroleum and coal, and in other contractual
or equity joint ventures, whose capital is to be recovered and profits to
be realized in kind as stipulated in their contracts, may transport out of
China the products as their shares of recovered capital and realized
profits, but such enterprises shall remit back the amount of tax to be
paid in the People's Republic of China as well as other required payments.
If the products are to be sold within China, the case shall be handled in
accordance with provisions of Article 12 of these Rules, and the foreign
exchange proceeds derived from these sales may be remitted out after
taxation and other required payments.
Article 15
Staff members and workers of foreign nationality and those from the
Hongkong and Macao regions employed by enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures may remit abroad their wages and other justified earnings, after
taxation according to law, and if the remittance exceeds 50% of their
wages and other earnings, they may apply to the SAFEC or its branch
offices. The amounts remitted shall all be debited to the foreign exchange
deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Article 16
Foreign exchange expenses required in the normal business operations of
the branches or offices abroad or in the Hongkong and Macao regions set up
with the approval of competent authorities by enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures may be remitted to these branches or offices, debiting to
the foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned, with
the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices.
Article 17
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
and Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures may borrow foreign exchange
directly from banks or enterprises of foreign countries or of the Hongkong
and Macao regions, but they must report such borrowing to the SAFEC or its
branch offices for the record.
Article 18
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures winding up operations in accordance
with legal procedures, shall carry out liquidation within the scheduled
period, under the joint supervision of China's finance, taxation and
foreign exchange control authorities. Overseas Chinese investors or
foreign investors shall be responsible for their taxes due and their
outstanding liabilities within China. After completion of the liquidation,
overseas Chinese investors and foreign investors may apply to the SAFEC or
its branch offices for remitting out the funds owned by or distributed to
them. And the remittance shall be debited to the foreign exchange accounts
of the liquidated enterprises.
Article 19
The measures to control foreign exchange receipts and payments of banks
with overseas Chinese capital, banks with foreign capital, Chinese-foreign
equity joint banks and other financial institutions shall be formulated by
the SAFEC separately.
Article 20
These Rules shall be promulgated and put into effect by the SAFEC upon
approval of the State Council.
内容摘要:
随着近年来社会经济快速发展,为人们的生活带来便利的机动车逐渐进入普通百姓家庭,私家车拥有率不断提高;而我国有着悠久的社会历史文化,自古以来就有敦亲睦邻、互帮互助的传统美德,民众出于善意允许、同意或者邀请他人搭便车(好意同乘)的现象也因此非常普遍。然而,好意同乘者遭受损害的交通事故时有发生,我国现行法律对此尚无规定,专家学者对好意同乘损害赔偿责任如何划分也各有不同见解,如何正确适用法律并确定法律责任成为实践中面临的问题。本文将对此展开初步探讨,以期能为解决此法律问题提供有益参考。
关键词:
好意同乘 合同关系 侵权 过错责任 公平原则
正文:
近年来社会经济的快速发展使人们的生活在各方面均有所提升,对于普通民众来说曾经遥不可及的汽车作为私人物品开始频频出现于家庭生活中;同时,在重视人与人之间社会交往的中国,好意同乘这一基于情谊或人际交往的现象也就不可避免的出现了。交通事故已成为当前社会主要问题之一,好意同乘者受伤事故也就时有发生,然而我国目前对好意同乘尚无明确法律规定,专家学者对好意同乘的交通事故责任划分及适用法律等问题有不同见解,所以,研究好意同乘具有重要的理论和现实意义,本文将根据法律基本原则,结合我国的文化传统,并参考国外的立法进行探讨,希能供有益之参考。
一、好意同乘的概念及特征
关于“好意同乘”,目前有如下三种定义:第一种观点认为,好意同乘是指搭乘人经车辆所有人、使用人、管理人同意并无偿搭乘的行为;这里的车辆所有人、使用人、管理人合称为车辆运行人,简称运行人;第二种观点,好意同乘是指搭乘人经非营运性机动车辆的保有人或驾驶人同意后无偿搭乘的行为;第三种观点,好意同乘是指搭乘人经车辆驾驶人同意后搭乘的行为。
就此,好意同乘概念有四点需明确:第一,好意同乘的双方是谁?第二,好意同乘时,搭乘人目的地与车辆行驶目的地的关系?第三,好意同乘是否有偿?第四,搭乘车辆是否为营运车辆?
笔者对此有如下几点意见:
(一)好意同乘的双方可分为被搭乘人和搭乘人,被搭乘人为对特定人作出邀约或允诺搭乘的人,可以是车辆的所有人、使用人、管理人;搭乘人即为向特定人作出搭乘邀约的人,经被搭乘人同意乘坐被搭乘人的车辆。被搭乘人与搭乘人所做的所谓邀约和承诺仅出于社会情谊,并无受其意思表示约束的法律效果。
(二)好意同乘一般是顺路搭乘,被搭乘人可应搭乘人要求在偏离原定车辆行驶路线以方便搭乘人到达目的地,此时要求偏离的路线与原定车辆行驶的路线大概方向一致,仍属顺路范畴;但被搭乘人应搭乘人的要求无偿专程运送,车辆行驶的目的地只有一个即搭乘人目的地,此时车辆为了搭乘人的目的而运行,在这种情形下,所谓的好意同乘者的实质上是车辆使用人,不应构成好意同乘。
(三)搭乘车辆应为非营运车辆,《合同法》第302条规定:“承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任,但伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。”,也就是说搭乘人若搭乘营运车辆,无论是有偿搭乘还是经过承运人许可的无偿搭乘,发生人身伤亡事件时均可根据《合同法》302条处理,此时搭乘营运车辆不属于好意同乘的车辆范围;搭乘非营运车辆的行为则合乎社会情理发生,属于好意同乘范围。
(四)根据是否有偿,搭乘行为可分为三类,第一类,搭乘人给付被搭乘人的费用等于或高于同等条件下营运车辆的收费,笔者认为此种情况应属于客运合同范围,原因首先在于好意同乘是基于情谊的行为,不是法律行为,好意同乘的被搭乘人并没有受其允诺行为约束的意思表示,而依据社会常理,当搭乘人给予被搭乘人的费用等于或高于同等条件下营运车辆的收费则社会情谊已不存在,此时情况符合客运合同关系的法律条件,受相关法律规定约束,其次,好意同乘驾驶人与客运合同中司机的注意义务不同,客运承运人本身负有安全运送全部乘客安全到达目的地的义务,这种义务不因为某些乘客的无偿搭乘而减少或者部分减少,乘客有充分理由信任承运人的驾驶技术。而好意同乘驾驶人的技术一般没有客运合同中司机的技术专业,搭乘人在上车前就已经知道了这一点,不能以专业司机的标准来衡量好意驾车人。因为注意义务不同,在发生事故时,两者的处理方法也应有所不同,若搭乘人给付被搭乘人的费用等于或高于同等条件下营运车辆的收费,发生事故时,合同违约与侵权行为发生竞合,事故受害方可择一诉讼。第二类,搭乘人给付被搭乘人的费用明显低于同等条件下营运车辆的收费,可以认定为好意同乘关系;但如何掌握“明显低于”的标准?我国民法无此规定,以罗马法为基础的《法国民法典》第1674条规定:“如出卖人因买卖显失公平,价格过低,因此受到的损失超过不动产价款的十二分之七时,有取消该不动产买卖的请求权。”根据该原则,明显低价应限于正常价格的二分之一以下,即搭乘人支付相同标准的商业价格50%以下的,可视为好意同乘,超过50%的不属于好意同乘,仍应认定为客运合同关系 [1];第三类,搭乘人无偿搭乘,此类通说为好意同乘,在此不做阐述。
现实生活中的“好意同乘”现象一般表现出以下特征:1、好意同乘的双方是被搭乘人与搭乘人,被搭乘人包括车辆所有人、使用人、管理人; 2、搭乘人应和被搭乘人达成合意,未经同意而搭车者,不构成好意同乘;3、被搭乘人、搭乘人各有自己的目的地;搭乘人顺路搭车;4、搭乘车辆应为非营运车辆;5、搭乘人无偿搭乘,或者搭乘人给付被搭乘人的费用明显低于同等条件下营运车辆收费。这表明,好意同乘本质上是人们之间的一种情谊行为,虽然表面上似乎也有邀约和承诺,但当事人之间并没有成立合同法律后果的意思。搭乘行为实际增进了双方当事人之间的情谊,体现了人类之间的互利互助、助人为乐的美好精神。但是我们应当认识到搭乘人搭乘他人车辆,绝不意味着搭乘人甘愿承担风险,不能认为搭乘人放弃对遭受交通事故损害的索赔权利,被搭乘人也不能因为搭乘人是无偿搭车而随意置其生命、财产于不顾,好意同乘不能作为被搭乘人免责的根据。在另一方面,既然好意搭乘人是无偿搭乘或仅支付远低于营运车辆费用的,且好意搭乘是基于情谊的行为,如果交通事故造成的损害要求被搭乘人与客运合同一样承担损害赔偿责任,对被搭乘人来说过于严格也不公平。
二、好意同乘侵权责任后的一般原则
根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第七十三条规定交通事故发生后,一般由交警出具交通事故认定书认定事故责任主体及事故责任。笔者认为依交通事故的发生有无第三者存在,可对好意同乘进行如下粗略划分:
(一)无第三者存在的交通事故,事故责任可划分为:1、搭乘人承担全部事故责任;2、被搭乘人承担全部事故责任;3、搭乘人与被搭乘人共同承担事故责任;(笔者认为,事故责任比例依双方过错行为而定,若双方均无过错行为,则平等承担事故责任)
(二)有第三者存在的交通事故,事故责任可划分为:1、第三者承担全部事故责任;2、搭乘人承担全部事故责任;3、被搭乘人承担全部事故责任;4、第三者、搭乘人、被搭乘人共同承担事故责任;5、第三者、被搭乘人共同承担事故责任,搭乘人不承担事故责任;6、第三者、搭乘人共同承担事故责任,被搭乘人不承担事故责任;7、搭乘人、被搭乘人共同承担事故责任,第三者不承担事故责任;
当今学者对于好意同乘的交通事故责任划分各有不同看法。我国著名的法学家江平教授认为:无偿搭乘,司机就不负任何责任的说法站不住脚。现行法律中关于“好意同乘”引发事故的责任划分和相关赔偿并没有明确规定,但可以参照相关规定处理。他举例说,比如自行车存放,有偿存放和无偿存放的后果是不一样的,有偿存放的管理责任要大一些,无偿存放就不负任何责任,这种说法无论如何也说不过去。对无偿搭乘的司机责任划分,他认为司机只需要尽到一般义务就可以了,只有在重大过失时才承担赔偿责任。 [2]
杨立新教授认为:“无偿搭乘他人交通工具,发生交通事故造成损害的,交通工具提供者应当给予适当的补偿。” [3]杨立新教授强调这种责任的性质是补偿而非赔偿。好意同乘者是无偿搭车,如果发生交通事故造成损害,要车主与客运合同一样承担无过错责任,是不公平的。而补偿数额应由法院视具体情形确定,但一般不少于对一般受害人赔偿数额的二分之一。
徐国栋教授持的观点与前两位教授存在较大差异,他认为“受害人免费搭乘交通工具的,享有同样的损害赔偿请求权,但交通工具的所有人、管理人明确拒绝搭乘或不知受害人搭乘的除外” [4]
上述学者的观点中的共同点在于,均认同因好意同乘受到交通事故损害的受害人在被搭乘人有过错的情况下应当享有请求赔偿的权利。但是,在被搭乘人没有过失或只有轻微过失,或者搭乘人有故意或重大过失的情况下是否有权得到赔偿,各家学者观点不一。根据根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第七十六条规定“机动车发生交通事故造成人身伤亡、财产损失的,由保险公司在机动车第三者责任强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿;不足的部分,按照下列规定承担赔偿责任:(一)机动车之间发生交通事故的,由有过错的一方承担赔偿责任;双方都有过错的,按照各自过错的比例分担责任。(二)机动车与非机动车驾驶人、行人之间发生交通事故,非机动车驾驶人、行人没有过错的,由机动车一方承担赔偿责任;有证据证明非机动车驾驶人、行人有过错的,根据过错程度适当减轻机动车一方的赔偿责任;机动车一方没有过错的,承担不超过百分之十的赔偿责任。交通事故的损失是由非机动车驾驶人、行人故意碰撞机动车造成的,机动车一方不承担赔偿责任。”,笔者认为宜以过错责任原则为主,以过失相抵、公平责任原则为辅,同时比照客运合同违约责任赔偿标准或营运车辆交通事故侵权的损害赔偿标准减轻被搭乘人的赔偿责任。理由如下:
首先,被搭乘人虽为好意同乘行为,亦应尽到法律规定的安全保障注意义务,遵守法律规定的安全驾驶行为,保护乘车人的安全;但若被搭乘人没有过失或只有轻微过失,考虑到被搭乘人在好意同乘中为单方利他行为,宜以过错原则为主,公平原则为辅适当考虑被搭乘人应承担的责任比例,并比照客运合同违约责任赔偿标准或营运车辆交通事故侵权的损害赔偿标准减轻被搭乘人的赔偿责任。
其次,若搭乘人在好意同乘过程中存在故意或重大过失行为,致使损害发生,则分为如下两种情况考虑:如果搭乘人与被搭乘人双方都有过错,则实行过错比较,按照过失相抵原则确定双方的责任;若搭乘人故意致使损害发生,则搭乘人承担事故责任。
再次,我国《民法通则》第4 条规定,民事活动应该遵循公平原则。从公平的角度而言,民事主体的权利、义务和责任应该基本对等。但是在好意同乘当中,搭乘行为基本是单方受益行为,搭乘人是受邀请或被允许而搭乘,没有支付相应对价或支付的对价远远低于市场价格,被搭乘人邀请或允诺的行为完全是出于善意,是一种利他行为,并没有获取对价的意思,并且在搭乘过程中的所增加的费用基本上由其单方负担,相对于被搭乘人而言搭乘人基本属于受益者,因此由被搭乘人承担全部责任,有违公平原则。因此根据公平原则,被搭乘人应由于其行为的利他性而比照客运合同违约责任赔偿标准或营运车辆交通事故侵权的损害赔偿标准被适度减轻赔偿责任。
最后,关于事故中有第三方存在的,第一,若因第三方致使事故发生的,此时分为两种情况,第三方对事故发生不存在过错或有过失的,事故受害方根据事故认定书的事故责任比例依法追偿,此时被搭乘人根据具体情况应起过错责任或过错补充责任;第三方故意致使事故发生的,第三方应承担全部事故责任;第二,若第三方对事故发生不承担责任但因事故而受损的,其可根据事故认定书的事故责任比例追偿,此时被搭乘人如需承担事故责任则不因好意同乘的纯利他行为而减轻事故责任;
三、对完善我国好意同乘法律制度的建议
第一、加强好意同乘的民事侵权理论和交通管理理论研讨,为无偿搭乘私家车乘车人身损害赔偿提供理论支撑和先导!我们知道,民事法律行为与民事法律关系博大精深,对于现实中出现的法律生活中的实际问题,必须先从法律理论上来研究,如果只是通过一些地方的内部规定来指导、解决个案或者类案问题,难免会为了解决问题而解决问题,形不成统一的法律理性思考,会导致司法过程中结果的不统一,地方各异,畸轻畸重!更为可怕的是会让这些好意同乘的民事侵权责任和交通管理实务变成无木之林,无水之源,无任何前瞻性!这样的话,伤害的是整个民事法律和交通管理体系,最终受到伤害的是我国的法治进程!所以,我国在现阶段针对好意同乘的民事侵权理论和交通管理理论进行研讨已经势在必行,只有研究出符合法律理论的能解决好意同乘的民事侵权和交通管理的理论支撑,为下一步制定出统一解决的法律规则奠定基础!
第二、加强立法,彻底解决好意同乘的民事侵权责任问题。 解决好意同乘的民事侵权和交通管理的理论支撑问题后,通过统一立法明确车辆所有人对搭乘私家车乘车人所承担的是故意或重大过失的赔偿责任及第三人侵权导致损害结果发生时的过错补充赔偿责任。通过大众传媒公布相关具体规定,引导和肯定包括“好意同乘”在内的无偿搭乘私家车的助人为乐的善良风俗,同时,好意同乘侵权责任的确定,既要注重对受害人权益的保护,也要注重对车主或驾驶员对同乘者责任的限制。一方面,好意同乘者搭乘他人车辆,绝不意味着乘车人甘愿自担风险,不能认为好意同乘者放弃遭受交通事故损害的索赔权利,好意同乘不能作为驾驶员和车主免责的根据;另一方面,既然好意同乘者是无偿搭车,是“顺风”而已,如果发生交通事故造成损害,要车主与客运合同一样承担损害赔偿责任是不公平的,立法问题解决了,该类纠纷的解决也就有法可依了!
第三、加强保险意识,以保险的方法化解社会风险
为了降低驾驶人、车辆所有人以及无偿搭乘私家车乘车人因交通事故而引发损害赔偿的经济危险,通过投保足额的保险金和险种是其中一个重要的方法。驾驶人或车辆所有人可以通过投保车上人员险(座位险)的方式防范自己可能承担的对无偿搭乘私家车乘车人的赔偿责任。在与承保的第三者责任险(包含第三者责任强制保险)的实施侵权的第三人的车辆相撞时,第三人所投保的第三者责任险的保险范围也包括了无偿搭乘私家车乘车人所受损失。同时,无偿搭乘私家车乘车人也可以购买人身意外伤害险来达到化解风险的作用!
第四、普及法律意识,帮助驾车人完善并提高安全意识,同时帮助人们明确好意同乘时的法律责任,比如明确搭乘人应该系安全带、搭乘人不能跟驾驶人交谈、事先声明的完全免责条款将归无效等等。
最高人民法院2012年3月发出《关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释(征求意见稿)》第二十条 “免费搭乘机动车发生交通事故造成搭乘人损害,被搭乘方有过错的,应当承担赔偿责任,但可以适当减轻其责任。搭乘人有过错的,应当减轻被搭乘方的责任。机动车试乘过程中发生交通事故造成试乘人损害的,提供试乘服务者应当承担赔偿责任。试乘人有过错的,应当减轻提供试乘服务者的赔偿责任。”,该征求意见稿虽仅针对免费搭乘机动车发生交通事故如何处理拟定法律,但其处理原则结合法律原则与社会人情,是我国法律制度在“好意同乘”方面法律规定的完善与进步,望相关司法解释或规定能早日发布,补充完善我国法律制度,促进社会更加和谐稳定!
注释
[1] 戴大喜:《自愿承担风险在"好意同乘"中的运用》http://old.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=183699
[2]刘彤海、张辉:《“好意同乘”民事责任初探》,载《中国律师》,2007年7月刊,第59页。
[3] 王利明主编:《中国民法典学者建议稿及立法理由——侵权行为编》,法律出版社,2006年6月第1版,第261页。
[4] 徐国栋主编:《绿色民法典草案》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年5月第1版,第720页。
(作者:陈蒙佳 江西问章律师事务所)